Last update:
2017-03-13

Lignite mining and the Ende Gelände movement, Germany

"To potential buyers: if you want to invest in lignite, we will meet you with our resistance. Coal’s time is up. Now, we as a global society need a plan – how to organise and finance a socio-ecological transformation".



Description:

Conflicts on lignite (brown coal) mining in Germany (west and east) have been occuring for years - there are several accounts within the The EJatlas. Yet, they took a new turn in 2015 with the Ende Gelände movement which squarely linked up two issues: local damage from open cast coal mining and global climate change when coal is burnt.  In 2014, brown coal (lignite) electricity production in Germany rose to its highest level since 1990, despite the country’s campaign to shift to green sources of energy. A strong movement arose against this. The activist John Jordan reported with enthusiasm in August 2015 [1] : "I was with 1,500 others, many of whom had never broken any law for their beliefs before. Together we managed to shut down Europe’s biggest source of CO2 emissions: RWE’s lignite mines in the Rhineland in Germany. Around 800 of us were arrested, and hundreds of us refused to cooperate with the authorities by withholding our names and IDs.  It was the world’s largest act of disobedience against the mining of fossil fuels – and it might be the spark that ignites a rising, cross-border movement of disobedience for climate justice." He continued: "The protest was called Ende Gelände (Here and no further) – and it was direct action at its best. Not a symbolic gesture that just tells a story and makes an injustice visible, but an action that targeted the very source of the problem and stopped it in its tracks. Of course, the stories from the day are important, and will help build confidence within the movement. But the actual stopping of CO2 emissions themselves, the fact that the lignite coal – the dirtiest type of coal in the world – was not dug out and burned that day, is what counts. Ende Gelände was a collective act of resistance that for once felt proportionate to the scale of the emergency: catastrophic climate change.".

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Basic Data
Name of conflict:Lignite mining and the Ende Gelände movement, Germany
Country:Germany
State or province:Rhineland (and also Lusatia)
Location of conflict:Garzweiler (Rhineland)
Accuracy of locationMEDIUM (Regional level)
Source of Conflict
Type of conflict. 1st level:Fossil Fuels and Climate Justice/Energy
Type of conflict. 2nd level:Coal extraction and processing
Specific commodities:Coal
Project Details and Actors
Project details

The companies RWE, Vattenfall and EPH are owners or (in the case of EPH) potential buyers of lignite mines in the Rhineland and in Lusatia. The mining area of Garzweiler near Cologne has the biggest single lignite deposit in Europe. Here, RWE mines just under 100 million tons a year used exclusively for electricity in the local power plants. The mine currently has a size of 48 km². Reserves reach 1.3 billion tons of lignite, which are to be extracted by 2045, according to the company.

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Project area:15,000 (in both locations)
Type of populationRural
Affected Population:30,000
Start of the conflict:2015
Company names or state enterprises:NUON from Netherlands
RWE (RWE) from Germany
EPH from Czech Republic
Relevant government actors:Regional governments.
Police forces.
Environmental justice organizations (and other supporters) and their websites, if available:Ende Gelände - https://www.ende-gelaende.org/
350.org
Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.
Lützerath Lebt! - https://luetzerathlebt.info/linktree/
Conflict & Mobilization
IntensityHIGH (widespread, mass mobilization, violence, arrests, etc...)
Reaction stageIn REACTION to the implementation (during construction or operation)
Groups mobilizing:International ejos
Local ejos
Neighbours/citizens/communities
Social movements
Local scientists/professionals
Forms of mobilization:Blockades
Development of a network/collective action
Development of alternative proposals
Involvement of national and international NGOs
Land occupation
Media based activism/alternative media
Official complaint letters and petitions
Public campaigns
Street protest/marches
Occupation of buildings/public spaces
Large scale civil disobedience to stop lignite mining
Impacts
Environmental ImpactsVisible: Biodiversity loss (wildlife, agro-diversity), Global warming, Loss of landscape/aesthetic degradation, Soil erosion, Deforestation and loss of vegetation cover, Mine tailing spills
Potential: Air pollution, Fires, Noise pollution, Surface water pollution / Decreasing water (physico-chemical, biological) quality, Large-scale disturbance of hydro and geological systems, Reduced ecological / hydrological connectivity
Health ImpactsPotential: Exposure to unknown or uncertain complex risks (radiation, etc…), Occupational disease and accidents
Socio-economical ImpactsVisible: Displacement, Land dispossession, Loss of landscape/sense of place, Militarization and increased police presence
Outcome
Project StatusIn operation
Conflict outcome / response:Criminalization of activists
Repression
Demonstrations will continue at big lignite open cast mines and coal fired power stations in Germany
Do you consider this an environmental justice success? Was environmental justice served?:Not Sure
Briefly explain:So far, no success in stopping the lignite mines and local power stations for more than a few hours, but the movement is growing.
Sources & Materials
References to published books, academic articles, movies or published documentaries

The historian Andreas Malm at the Schwarze Pumpe coal fired power plant in Lusatia, May 2016
[click to view]

[1]The day we stopped Europe’s biggest polluter in its tracks, by John Jordan
[click to view]

[2] VOA News, Associated Press, 14/01/2023.
[click to view]

[3] Anadolu Agency, 16/01/2023.
[click to view]

Related media links to videos, campaigns, social network

Ende Gelände! / Keep it in the ground! Part 1: Overcome the motorway
[click to view]

Ende Gelände, Lusatia, May 2016
[click to view]

The campaign webpage
[click to view]

People power shuts down German coal mine
[click to view]

Other comments:These are the principles of this direct action, non-violent movement: "Nicht legal aber legitim. Auch wenn unsere Aktionen nicht legal sein mögen – legitim sind sie allemal. Denn die Zeit drängt: Wenn Kohle, Öl und Gas nicht von jetzt an im Boden bleiben, lassen sich katastrophale Folgen für Millionen Menschen kaum noch aufhalten. Deshalb brechen wir gezielt das Hausrecht der Konzerne, die die Naturzerstörung verantworten und vorantreiben. Unsere Aktion ist einer der vielen Kämpfe weltweit gegen Extraktivismus und die Ausbeutung fossiler Energien."
Meta information
Contributor:jma, Sarah Eckstein
Last update13/03/2017
Conflict ID:2595
Comments
Legal notice / Aviso legal
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