The Royal Chitwan National Park represents the first National Park of Nepal, subsequently established just after the enactment of the Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973.  The exclusion and violation of human rights was prior to the establishment of the larger park. The park has been established in the Chitwan valley which was once home to the Tharu indigenous communities. After the1950s because of malaria and floods reason, many people came down from the hills to the Tarai valley, including the Chitwan region, starting to illegally occupying the Padampur area (originally inhabited by the Tharu) [5]. Many Tharu people got denied the use of their land because of the exploitation of hills people and further because of conservation policies, under which both the indigenous Tharu and the other people were expelled from the Chitwan area. The final establishment of the Chitwan National Park in 1973, further reinforced those restriction policies, creating much resentment among local people, as the access to park resources were consequently denied. They were entirely dependent on field cropping, using timber, fodder, thatch and supplementing grazing from the park. The establishment of the park was never carried out in consultation with the communities who always felt excluded by the wildlife conservation management approach by the wildlife warden. For this reason, although the park limits were established, people continued to overpassed the territory for collecting their sustenance material and use the needed resources [5,6,7]. This generated conflicts between the larger purpose of wildlife conservation and local people’s need. It is estimated that about 20.000 Tharu people were relocated from the park for conservation reasons [9]. However the history of the relocation before the establishment of the park has not been entirely recorded, but according to some literature, it is recounted that it was a very violent process, ‘the soldiers forcibly removed all the villages located inside the designated boundary of the park. Houses were burned down, fields and houses were trampled by elephants, men, women and children were threatened sometimes at gunpoint" [6]. Among the villages relocated the one primary affected by the move were the villages of Jayamangala and Bankatta, which were slowly relocated consequently to flood devastation in 1994 in the area of Saguntole, which was renamed as New Padampur. At that time it was given land and compensation to the 1000 people affected by the move, but this was not sufficient to ensure a life of dignity to the Tharu people, who continue today to suffer by the damaged caused by the conservationist policies and the inefficiency of the administration to cooperate with the people’s need [6]. It has been recorded that in order to mitigate the conflict the government tried implementing some new strategies such as in 1976 the park opened up for annual grass cutting season for 20 days in January, which was later reduced in two weeks. They were also attempted to generate employment park activities, to work as a tourist guide and other related work to conservation, but all these were always carried on in an exclusionary manner and the activities did not really cover the real need of the people [8]. Moreover, without people consultation, the park got extended from an earlier 544 sq km to 932 sq km in 1978 and included in 1984 in theUNESCO World Heritage List [8]. Other measures for community-conservation management were further taken in the early '90 with the establishment of a buffer zone. Under this legal framework, the locals were encouraged and supported to take revenues from alternatives activities, such as tourism and giving them the rights to use forest resources in the buffer areas [9]. 

Despite these initiatives, the conflict escalated in the last 10 years since when the conservation of the one horn-Rhino, a species present in the Chitwan region, started to be considered as one of the endangered species by the IUCN. For example, On May 12, 2012, Mati Mahato, a landless woman was harassed by the forest guards while she was collecting, together with other two women, wild vegetable and fish; they beat her up with a bamboo stick, dragged her behind a bush, stripped her and tried to assault her [2]. In name of Rhino protection new anti-poaching measures were adopted and international conservations as the WWF has been part of this process. Many human rights violation has been recorded [1,3,4]. A recent report by BuzzFeed News of March 2019 testifies to the violence used by the rangers as anti-poaching measures, the shoot-at-sight policies and the immunity recognized to the rangers in the park and that justify their violent action against the local and indigenous people living in the buffer area. The news reported that in 2006, the forest rangers arrested Shikharam, a local from the buffer area accusing him of having news about a rhino horn. Although they couldn’t find the horn, they threw Shikharam in their jail anyway, and nine days later, he was dead. Tharu activists demanded a postmortem, obtained by BuzzFeed News, which found “a clear indication of physical violence.” The cause of death was declared to be “excessive pressure applied on the back and left side of the chest,” which rendered Shikharam unable to breathe [3,4]. The story of Shikaram is not an isolated incident reports Buzznews Feed. The accused forest guards have not been persecuted and WWF, who has been closely working with the forest ranger in their anti-poaching campaign. According to Buzznews they have also asked to Hiran, Shikharam’s wife to withdraw the case. Although the allegation given to WWF of supporting such human rights violation, WWF has always denied his involvement encouraging the activities carried on by the rangers and promoting them in their wildlife protection career [3,4].

The Roya Chitwan National Park is the first national park in Nepal. It was established in 1973 and granted the status of a World Heritage Site in 1984. It covers an area of 952.63 km2 and is located in the subtropical Inner Teari lowland of south-central Nepal in the districts of Nawalpur, Parsa, Chitwan and Makwanpur. In altitude, it ranges from about 100 m (330 ft) in the river valleys to 815 m (2,674 ft) in the Churia Hills.

In the north and west of the protected area, the Narayani-Rapti river system forms a natural boundary to human settlements. Adjacent to the east of Chitwan National Park is Parsa National Park, contiguous in the south is the Indian Tiger Reserve Valmiki National Park. The coherent protected area of 2,075 km2 (801 sq mi) represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Chitwan-Parsa-Valmiki, which covers a 3,549 km2 huge block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.